Younger Extended Family Members in Mandarin Chinese

The Growth of Civilization Essays - 1349 Words

When you stand in front of the mirror, has it ever occurred to you that you belong to a particular civilization and your clothes, culture, language and may be even some of your personality traits are a mark of the particular civilization. The origin of civilization may interest you but, the growth of civilization is far more an important aspect of the same. The growth is considered to be a mark of development of a civilization. On the contrary, sustainable growth of civilization is something that would ensure the continuity of the progress of the civilization. In simpler words, civilization can be understood as ‘sophisticated and peaceful communities’ existing on the earth. Civilization differs from a society because civilization is†¦show more content†¦These were the civilizations of – Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus and China. Since the civilizations have grown and expanded. Presently, regional civilizations, religion based civilizations exist as well. Western civilization and Islamic civilizations are two of the most important civilization existing currently. (Guisepi) For the sustenance of a civilization, the most vital requirement is that of food. Humans have evolved physically from a time when he was a hunter and gatherer. Humans were always on a move, therefore, making it impossible to form a settlement. The evolution of agriculture is considered to be the basic amenity that triggered the process of civilization. Agriculture was a reliable source of food which promised surplus source to the people. (Guisepi) If you analyze the present situation, what do you find? The demand for food is exceeding the supplies. The increase in the price further keeps it out of reach of the poor and the needy. This leads the hungry people to the streets. These hungry people are a source to the terrorists, drugs, diseases and many more evils. If we chart out a graph, we can notice that the food scarcity occurs especially in the region of the third world i.e. under-developed countries. These states can be also termed as ‘the falling states’. The problem does not lie in the possession of power instead it now lies in the lack of it. Somalia ranks no. 1 in the list of the countries with food shortage and has become theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Religion On The Growth Of The Ancient Civilizations908 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion play in the growth of the Ancient civilizations? Religion can invade, conquer, and rule masses of people far more effectively and efficiently than any empire or conqueror. This is not to spark a heated discussion about religions. Its purpose is, to say that, even though it is highly debatable whether religions are false or true, most of them serve a very basic purpose of establishing morals and values. Early religions were used as a source of power and economic growth. Even if one doesn’tRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Early Civilizations Of Mesopotamia1042 Words   |  5 Pagesshown in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia are still evident in today’s world because without these basic standards set by the people of Mesopotamia, civilization could never have grown or had a reference point for the basic building blocks of society. Mesopotamia was able to grow through the development of technology, trade, stable political and military systems, and a class system that contributed to society . Mesopotamia’s way of life influenced many other civilizations such as the ones inRead MoreThe Problem Of Expanding Population Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesboth of wonder and catastrophe, as civilizations have risen and fallen throughout time. Collapse (Diamond) touches on this concept of population growth (or change) often, especially because a civilization is, after all, nothing without its population. Using Collapse, we can quickly start to analyze what a growing population entails. Early on, Diamond touches upon the implications of an expanding population. When a civilization starts to have a high rate of growth, they must start to use more aggressiveRead MoreThe Common Themes Of Environmental Effects On Religion1565 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of many civilizations, certain characteristics have presented themselves and many of which have been recognized as a commonality in several societies. These frequently seen patterns in history provide important insights to the functions and behaviors of ancient civilizations. There are many commonalities that are existent in many civilizations, but three clearly emerge, as they are fundamental to many societies’ cultures. The common themes of environmental effects on religionRead MoreEffects Of The Crusades On Western Civilizations915 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact to western civilization, however, that may not be the case. On the contrary, the Crusades provided a positive short-term and long-term economic, religious, and cultural development to western civilization. These wars caused a change in the economy and with politics. Though the crusades caused some negative consequences, it also provided some positive short-term consequences as well. These positive short-term consequences aided in the development of western civilizations. Some of these short-termRead MoreHow Did The History Of Meroe Reflect Interaction With Neighboring Civilizations?1707 Words   |  7 PagesMeroe 1) How did the history of Meroe reflect interaction with neighboring civilizations? The way the history of Meroe reflected interaction with neighboring civilizations is they traded more often with their neighbors. That is how they received their fortune and power. 2) How was the decline of Meroe connected to the changing patterns of long-distance trade? The decline of Meroe was caused by deforestation because wood was needed to make charcoal for iron. The deforestation made Egypt’s trade goRead MoreClaude Levi Strauss s Structuralism And Structural Anthropology893 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween human kind such as civilization. Since Là ©vi-Strauss was from France, he wanted to know how they moved forward in civilization. What were the philosophies that inspired them? Also, Là ©vi-Strauss thought of sexuality, economic development, and religious thoughts. He asked himself, did marital relations determine that you belong in that group you would be with for eternity. Would it lead to social structure? Western civilization is a role model for other civilizations because of their determinationRead MoreCulture And Ideologies Shape Relationships1567 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy. In 1996 Samuel P.Huntington published â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations† which the author gave a geo political theory that cultural differences between civilizations rather than ideological differences would be the primary source of global conflict in the post-cold war. This essay will focuses on the argument in Huntington’s book about how it presents the world, the problem and the proposal for a solution. In The Clash of civilizations Huntington argued that the future conflict would be differentRead MoreImpact Of Migrations Of Pastoral Peoples On The Middle Ages1332 Words   |  6 PagesPaper 2: Migrations and Pasturalists Analyze the impact that migrations of pastoral peoples had on the development of civilization from the Second Wave civilizations to those of the Middle Ages. It is called migration all population displacements that occurs from a place of origin to another destination and brings a change of habitual residence in the case of people .The history refers to the great cultural movements, economic geographical and political that led to massive displacements of theRead MoreWhat Is Minimalism In Huck Finn1532 Words   |  7 Pagesminimalists seek freedom from civilizations standards and expectations. This need for freedom from civilization is also displayed in the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. The novel begins with Huck escaping societys attempt to civilize him by faking his own death where he goes to Jackson’s Island and finds Jim, a runaway slave, and sets out on the Mississippi river. Although Huck and Jim find peace on the river, they are unable to escape the evils of civilization. Later in the novel

Nursing and Health Care Degrees 2019

There is more to the study of nursing today than obtaining certification as an RN. And there are a number of degrees in health care that are options for people interested in entering the health care field. At the entry level and lower management level, you can take a relatively short course of study and receive certification as a medical assistant, a nurses assistant or any number of other support roles in the health care field. At the college level you can find all degree options in one health care profession or another. The best snapshot of industry-wide options comes from a look through the distance learning programs for health care positions. Because online education is job-focused, it is a quick study on the careers that are out there in nursing and other health care professions. University of Phoenix Online provides a comprehensive program of nursing studies. Some of their nursing degrees incorporate health care administration as well. Their health care masters programs include two MBA degrees with health care specialization; one of them is a dual masters degree, combining the MBA with a masters in nursing. Here is a list of their degrees in health care and nursing: .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:active, .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ AA Business Watch Out for these Common Degree ScamsBachelor of Science/Health Administration Bachelor of Science in Nursing Master of Business Administration/Health Care Management Master of Health Administration Master of Science in Nursing Master of Science in Nursing Nursing/Health Care Education Master of Science in Nursing/Integrative Health Care Master of Science in Nursing/Master of Business Administration/Health Care Management Master of Science in Nursing/Master of Health Administration Doctor of Health Administration University of Phoenix Online has expanded study in the nursing profession to include a number of areas that are vital in todays managed health care environment. Their nursing program and their health administration academics are state of the art. Kaplan University has kept their online health care options to the basics. They offer a bachelors degree in health care management. They also have an RN program with a bachelors in science at completion. Colorado Technical University has an online MBA program with emphasis in health care management. They also offer a bachelors in science with specialization in health care management. If you are within range of one of their six campuses, you can obtain a bachelors in nursing and health care associates degrees in the following specializations: .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:active, .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Learn What it Takes to Be a Chief Financial Officer (CFO)Health Care Information Technology Massage Therapy Medical Assisting Radiologic Technology Surgical Technology Jones International University has an MBA program that specializes in health care management. Their curriculum includes courses in telemedicine and emerging technologies; marketing health services; e-marketing management; and in information technology management. This sampling of classes indicates to what degree Jones International University sees the health care management business relying on the internet not only for business functions but for medical purposes as well. Online courses to complete earlier college efforts can lead you to a degree in nursing or a degree with any number of health care administration specializations. One of the values of online academics is that the courses and degree programs are designed for efficient completion. Academically, you can be where you want to be much faster than you might think. Related ArticlesColleges for the Health Care ProfessionsOnline Degree Options in Health CareGetting Your Health Care Management EducationAcquiring a Health Care Degree on the InternetGetting a College Education OnlineAttaining a Health Care Management Masters Degree .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:active, .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-trans ition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Accredited Bachelor Degree Business Online Acquire Skills Necessary for Success as an Entrepreneur

The Reformation and the Church Essay example - 1587 Words

The Reformation was a decisive period in the history not only for the Catholic Church, but also for the entire world. The causes of this tumultuous point in history did not burst on the scene all at once, but slowly gained momentum like a boil that slowly festers through time before it finally bursts open. The Reformation of the Church was inevitable because of the abuses which the Church was suffering during this period. At the time of the Reformation, a segment of the Church had drifted away from its mission to bring Christ and salvation to the world. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Church had gradually become weaker because of abusive leadership, philosophical heresy, and a renewal of a form of the Pelagian heresy. The Church had†¦show more content†¦The world had witnessed a Church hierarchy that had been corrupted. Nepotism had begun to creep into the hierarchy of the Church, which led to abuses by the Church leadership. Popes, cardinals, bishops and many priests were unsuited spiritually for their office resulting in lavish living, fornication, gluttony, and even murder. Being a leader in the Church meant a position of wealth and prominence; therefore, positions of leadership in the Church were sought out for monetary gain rather than to do the work of God. This corruption in Church leadership was one of the things the Reformers acted out against. The popes made great strides in promoting the glory of the Renaissance, and left their mark on Rome with the beautiful creations of art that they commissioned. However, many lacked the spiritual leadership to guide the Church. Many popes acted like kings rather than the leader of Christendom by enjoying the fruits of their subject’s labor and money, rather than doing the spiritual work of the Church. The popes of the Renaissance needed great sums of money to pay for the great artists and architects they were commissioning. Funding for the Renaissance came from the parishes, which caused dissenti on and hardship among the people. While the popes were eating, drinking, and being merry in the midst of Rome, the people were listening to theShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation Of The Church1465 Words   |  6 Pages The reformation of the Church during the 16th century was one of the most religious, political, and cultural disturbance that occurred in Europe. The structures and the beliefs of the people of the Catholic Church would be questioned and redefined in many ways. During this era of time, men such as Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther, would have a significant impact on the plans that occurred. Erasmus was a reformer who believed in free will and that man could be saved by grace and good works. LutherRead MoreReformation of the Church864 Words   |  3 Pages In sixteenth century Europe, the revival for Roman Catholicism took place. This reformation in the Church is significantly important as it was during these times when Europe was all but mired by Protestant movements. This revival has often been referred to as the Catholic Counter-reformation, as a response against the Protestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting emphasis even on the pagan culture and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave way toRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Catholic Church1271 Words   |  6 PagesJackson Dukes Mr. Levy B3 3 March 2017 Killer Catholics Though millions of Catholics were brainwashed by higher-ranking church officials through cynical, selfish teachings, the reformation of the Catholic Church saved an immeasurable amount of lives by gaining religious freedom in Europe. I. Brainwashed Catholics A. Forced to work as slaves to church 1. Expected to work for free 2. Never taught any differently B. Forced to pay tithes 1. Rich people bribed 2. Relics as tribute C. Burned atRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Reformation Essay2008 Words   |  9 PagesProtestant Church and the Reformation, it is first important to understand that one of the positions that claims the Catholic Church is apostolic succession. This simply means that they claim to be the sole authority over all other churches and denominations because they support the entire line of Roman Catholic Popes back to back centuries, to the apostle Peter. From their point of view, it gives the Catholic Church a unique authority which puts it above all other denominations or church. AccordingRead MoreReformation in the Church 2002676 Words   |  3 PagesMy Reformation for the Church in 2002 By Sally Smith There are several problems in the church that I can see right now. The biggest problem I see is that most Christians have made being a Christian a religious act. You have to do this and you can’t do that and if you don’t you will go to hell. We have made being a Christian long and labor some. Few church members understand the concept of grace. They have forgotten that Jesus just wants be our friend. That being a Christian is notRead MoreResponse Of The Catholic Church To The Reformation1055 Words   |  5 Pagesresponse of the Catholic Church to the Reformation. Long before the reformation period,people within the church, both clergy and lay were keen for the church to eliminate all corrupt practices and for a reform,which would bring everyone closer to God. Those high up in church authority had ignored the concerns made by these reformers because they were personally gaining from practices like indulgences. However the sixteenth century split of protestant from the Catholic church became obvious and broughtRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church996 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the Churchâ€⠄¢s rules and the abuses of the Catholic Church continuedRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Catholic Church Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesChloe Cooper Mrs. Trahan English 10, 1st period 10 November 2016 Catholic vs Protestant Throughout history, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church have developed similarities and differences among their religions. Because they are both a major part of history they’re both equally important. The most important thing is knowing facts about our history and major events that occurred. Catholicism and Protestantism are both two very different religions that have different opinions. WhileRead MoreThe Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reformation: Four Challenges to the Catholic Church The Reformation was a European religious movement of monumental proportions and consequences, during which a new Christian religion, Protestantism, was created. Protestantism differs from other forms of Christianity in that it is not a single church, but many different churches, denominations, and congregations, it is extremely diverse. The first proto-Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing their origins from an earlierRead MoreCatholic Church During The Protestant Reformation1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. Symptoms include aching of limbs, high fever, vomiting of blood, and swelling of the lymph nodes. After the lymph nodes swelled they would then burst

Socialolgy Free Essays

Sociology is a liberal perspective that explores the influences of social forces on individual behaviors. Course Objectives Students should be able to use a variety of thinking and reasoning skills, apply these skills as appropriate in various situations, and move among them depending on purpose. Upon completion of this course students should be able to: Define and gain a better understanding of sociology, critical thinking, and critical sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Socialolgy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define and differentiate between the three major sociological perspectives. Identify significant historical contributions to the discipline. Define and apply the sociological imagination as it pertains to a wide spectrum of real-world situations, cultures, and social problems. Understand the functions and social problems created and maintained by social institutions. Explain how age, race, ethnicity, gender and social class are socially constructed and how such constructs contribute to existing social problems. Witt, Jon (2013). SOC 2013 (3rd Deed. ). McGraw-Hill companies Inc. ISBN: 07-802674-4 Finiteness’s, Kurt (2013). Annual Editions (41st Deed. ). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. ISBN: 978-0-07-813601-6 Office Hours o have any questions, problems, or concerns, please feel free to visit me during my office hours Tuesdays or by appointment. Email Etiquette The best way to contact me is via email at Ashley. leschyshyn@und. Email. Deed. However please keep in mind that FREER does not allow me to discuss any matters concerning personal grades. Additionally, I teach several classes each semester at two different universities. I will not respond to emails unless you provide me your NAME and CLASS so that I know who you are. Please refer to me as Ashley. Attendance, Absences, Make-Up Work In this class there is a strong correlation between attendance and test performance, assignment scores, and your final grade. Material presented in class will NOT be made available to those who do not attend. Lecture notes will NOT be posted on Blackboard. If you are going to miss an exam, you must contact me in ADVANCED notice PRIOR to the exam, as well as provide documented evidence of your excuse. Late work in labs will not be accepted. If you anticipate being absent, you must contact your TA prior to missing lab and schedule a different lab session to attend. Make-up work will only be allowed in the rare occasion that you are severely ill, experience an emergency, or are required to attend a university event and you must provide documentation of your absence. Course Organization Grading ** This course is weighted. Therefore, your total points on Blackboard will not be representative of your final grade unless you calculate those points in accordance with the weight. ** Lecture Material presented in lecture will NOT be made available to those who do not attend class and will NOT be posted on Blackboard. Grades are NOT curved, emailed, or given over the phone. Extra credit is NOT an option. Labs A separate lab syllabus will be provided by your GTAG. Lab times are NOT interchangeable. If you cannot attend your lab session, you must contact Tom or Keenan prior to your absence. Students are required to make-up their missed lab session during another lab session. This section is worth 30% of your final semester grade. It is your responsibility to keep a copy of all your work. Once assignments have been returned it is in your best interest to check Model right away to make sure your score is posted correctly AND to hold on to them until the class ends and final grades re posted. Quizzes There will be a total of 11 quizzes offered this semester. Each quiz is worth 10 points. Your lowest quiz score will be dropped; hence 10 quizzes will count towards your final grade. The quiz schedule is listed below. The quiz will become available the Friday prior to the date due. On the due date, the quiz must be submitted by 11:59 p. M. Quizzes that are not submitted by the corresponding date and time will result in a failing score. You CANNOT make up a missed quiz (you can drop the lowest score). Quizzes are not timed. You may access the quiz as many times as needed, however once the quiz is submitted, the score is final. All quiz questions will be derived from your textbook. Quizzes will be worth 10% of your final semester grade. Exams This section is comprised of 3 multiple choice exams (which are NOT comprehensive). The majority of exam questions are derived from mass lecture. The remaining questions are from the textbook. Excused make-up exams are granted if you contact Tom or Keenan PRIOR to the exam date and provide documented evidence of your excuse. The instructor reserves the right to change the exam dates. Final Grades Exams, quizzes and lab assignments are calculated as follows: 0-100% = A 80-89% 70-79% 00-59% Blackboard Class announcements, quizzes, study guides and other supplemental course material will be posted on Blackboard. To access course material (study guides, quizzes), be sure to click on the Content link located in the left hand column. You will find the material in the associated folder. Additionally, all grades (unofficial) will be posted on Blackboard. Classroom Conduct Attending the University of North Dakota is a privilege, not a right. The classroom is a special environment in which students and faculty come together to promote learning. Examples of improper behavior in the classroom may include, but are not limited to: disrespect for the professional status of the instructor and/or GTAG (refrain from contacting us through social media), persistent late arrival to or early departure from class, distractive talking, the use of cell phones and laptops to text, chat, or surf the web, refusal to comply with reasonable directions, employing insulting language or gestures and verbal, psychological, or physical threats and harassment. The Department of Sociology supports classrooms that are positive learning environments, where people are respectful and supportive of one another. You may have strong opinions, but everyone is expected to listen respectfully to alternative viewpoints and to communicate ideas in a non-confrontational way without monopolizing classroom discussion. Course materials prepared by the instructor including the content of all lectures, are the property of the instructor. Reproduction of materials, including video and audio recording of lectures without the consent of the instructor is prohibited. Unless permission is obtained from me, copies of materials and recordings of lectures may not be modified and must not be transferred or transmitted to any other person, whether or not that individual is enrolled in the course. Academic Misconduct classroom behavior, will be reported to the Sociology Department and the Dean of Students. Subsequently, the behavior will become part of your permanent university record. The penalty for academic misconduct is a failing grade for the assignment/ exam in question or a failing grade for the course, depending upon the severity of the misconduct. How to cite Socialolgy, Papers

Reliability and Reliable Change Index †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reliability and Reliable Change Index. Answer: Introduction: Dementia is not only related to the Alzheimers disease but it also includes other conditions like vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal degeneration. Most of the people with dementia develop complex conditions due to occurrence of these conditions in a single person. Hence, it would be difficult to manage dementia in a person with single model. In such case, person centred model would be more beneficial because management strategy can be modified based on the condition of the patient. Number of cases of dementia increases with increase in the age of the person. Prevalence of dementia is increasing worldwide due to changes in the demographics. It is well established that dementia increases with age of the person. Hence, it is considered as the normal ageing process. As a result, management of dementia is neglected issue all over the world. It is also evident that prevalence of dementia increases as person approaches death. Hence, it can be concluded that deat h can be delayed by the management of dementia. Effective model need to be identified to implement at the workplace. Implementation of the dementia care model would be helpful in providing well life to people with dementia (Hunter et al., 2016). Person centred care for dementia people is mainly based on the acronym VIPS. Dementia people and their care should be Valued, these people should be treated as Individual, our understanding should corelate with the Perspective of the dementia person and there should be more attention to the Social involvement of the person. More focus should be given to the uniqueness of the individual irrespective of the positive and negative traits of the individuals. More emphasis should be given to the social involvement of the dementia person. Person centred model has unique distinction because it incorporates medical, psychological and spiritual interventions for dementia care. This integrated approach is more beneficial in dementia care because signs and symptoms of the dementia appear due to different reasons and management of this complex condition is not feasible by implementation of single approach. Person centred care promotes rights and dignity of dementia people. It would be helpful in augmenting engagement of the dementia person in the care. Philosophy of person centred care make sure that these people do not consider dementia is end of life. It also provides guidance to medical professionals and family members (Chenoweth et al., 2009). Prior to implementation of the person centred care, both barriers and facilitators of the care will be studied. Efforts will be made to overcome these barriers. Primary objective of this intervention will be to evaluate effectiveness of the programme in reducing behavioural traits of the dementia person like agitation, depression, augmentation in the quality of life in terms of daily activities and functional capabilities, modifications in the physical and chemical restraint and lessening in the contrary events in the life. Secondary objective of this intervention will be to recognize diversity, superiority and practicability of the person centred care. Organisational factors which endorse and hamper, implementation of the person centred care will be identified. Implementation of the person-centred care in the facility requires training for the professional caregivers. Training to the professional caregivers will be provided over the period of 15 days. Daily one hour workshop will be conducted and reflective evaluation will be carried out after each workshop session. It will be helpful in assessing progress of caregivers in training and accordingly modifications can be done in the training methods (Kuske et al., 2007). This training will be mainly focused on implementation of sequential pedagogical framework comprising of 1) knowledge translation, 2) knowledge generation and 3) knowledge dissemination. Knowledge generation will include introductory class for person centred intervention theory for all caregivers. Knowledge generation will comprise of reflective evaluation, interactive workshops on identifying, analysing and discussing suitable evidence for the person centred care. Caregiver staff will critically analyse routine activities, en vironment and resources available for implementation of the person centred care. In knowledge dissemination, caregiver staff will discuss about knowledge gained during workshops. In this exercise, sharing of knowledge and experiences will be augmented which will be beneficial in the overall improvement in the implementation of the person centred care. This intervention will be built on the basis of pervious interventions, hence its design will be optimal for evaluating efficacy of person centred care in person centred care. Components of the person centred include 1) doing little extra, 2) developing physical environment suitable for person centred care and 3) evaluating extremely prioritised psychological needs and meeting these needs (Chrzescijanski et al., 2007). In doing little extra, staff members will be familiarized with the evidence and information related to the thriving themselves in the wellbeing of the dementia patients and family members. Examples of this exercise comprises of offering a cup of coffee, taking for outdoor walk and reporting results from the current sports events. Staff members will be asked to reflect on these activities and document it. Documented activities and experiences may be beneficial in bringing positive behavioural changes (Visser et al., 2008). Staff members will be familiarised with the evidence and information for creating acceptable physical environment for dementia patients. It will be helpful in the providing quality care and providing respect to patients values. Staff will be familiarised with the factors responsible for the distraction of dementia patients. Hence, staff may eliminate these distractions and provide home environment for the patient and family members. Staff will be encouraged to discuss with the patients about environment and take their input for changing environment. Staff members will give more focus on the shared areas like living rooms, sitting/dining rooms and corridors (Testad et al.,2010). Staff members will be familiarised with the evidence and information to identify, assess, accept, and gratify each patients extremely prioritised psychological needs. Patients life history will be used as tool for prioritising their psychological needs. Staff members will be encouraged to interview patients and family members to recognize favourites, values and behavioural and psychological aspects. Staff will be encouraged to discuss with patient and family members to integrate identified psychological needs in the daily activities. In this process, staff members may plan activities based on the psychological needs of the patient. Staff members will be advised to document all the activities planned to meet psychological needs. Exclusively person centred intervention will be provided to the participants based on the VIPS construct (Rsvik 2013). Intervention will be directed to address organisational culture, staff training, endorsement of care planning, management contribution and interest and quality monitoring and improvement systems (Miller et al., 2010). Consideration will also be given to nursing guidelines for providing holistic care to the dementia patients. It will be helpful in overcoming resistance during care and facilitating person centred care. It will be achieved by implementing staff support model like Dementia Care Mapping. Assessment of the effectiveness of the person centred care will be performed by incorporating control participants. Routine care or standard care will be provided to the control participants. Different factors like demographics, socio-cultural, environmental factors, and ethical considerations will be considered during care. Demographic characters like age and gender will be considered. Participants will be categorised in male and female participants because male and female may have varied behavioural traits. Participants will also be categorised based on the age. Participants will be grouped above 80 years and below 80 years. Participants above 80 years of age may require more psychological interventions. Person centred care may vary based on the socio-cultural aspects of the participants. It is well established that participants in the high socioeconomic class exhibited more engagement in the dementia care and their retention rate is high for dementia care. Cultural acceptance for the persons centred care is the major obstacle and it need to be addressed. This issue will be effectively addressed in the implementation of the person centred care. Physical environment of the residence will be given consideration in implementing person centred care. Environment of the residence should be suitable for the dementia patient. Disturbing environment may have psychological impact on the dementia patient. It can adversely affect implementation of person centred care because psychological disturbance can adversely affect behavioural alterations (Hunter et al., 2015). Ethical issues will be addressesed in the implementation of the person centred care. Caring dementia people is a challenging task because balancing autonomy with safety and well-being will be difficult. Few dementia patients may not accept the fact that they need to depend on others. This dependence may be to maintain their autonomy and live with their specific life values (Smebye et al., 2016). Participants selection: Participants will be selected based on the diagnosis of dementia based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). ADL capabilities and cognition will be considered as the diagnostic criteria for the selection of participants. Approval will be taken from the elderly-care physician for inclusion of participants. These patients should have at least two psychiatric and behavioural symptoms. These symptoms include aggression, motor or verbal agitation, psychosis, depression, and apathy (Zuidema et al., 2011). Informed consent will be taken form the participants prior to incorporation in the intervention. Provision will be provided to participants to withdraw from the intervention in case of development of life threatening disease. In the previous studies, high attrition rate was evident in such types of interventions. It might be due to dementia condition and older age. High attrition rate might affect power necessary for statistical significance. This issue will be promptly a ddressed in this by incorporating more participants. Additional participants will also be selected but not included in the intervention. These additional participants will be incorporated in cases of high rate of attrition. Hence, intension to treat will be promptly addressed in this intervention. Emotional and psychological support will be provided to the participants who wish to withdraw. It would be helpful in more retention of participants in the intervention. It is evident that incorporation of different stakeholders like health professionals, social workers, community members and family members proved beneficial in improving retention in dementia care. Randomisation will be performed based on different criteria like age, gender and socioeconomic status because priority of psychological needs will be different for each population. Baseline data is most important aspect in the analysis of the outcome of the intervention. Randomisation will be useful in establishing baseline data for each group including control group. Randomisation will also be helpful in interpreting and analysing the results. It is evident that influence of personal and professional relationship among patients and caregivers would affect outcome of the intervention (Bramble et al., 2009). Hence, in this intervention precaution will be taken to assign unknown caregivers to the patients. 500 participants will be selected for this intervention. 400 participants will be with diagnosed dementia and 100 participants will be control. All the participants will be within 50 km from the host organisation, hence there will not be difficulty in reaching these participants. Staff members willing to participate in the person centred care will be selected for the participants because along with medical and nursing knowledge, participants should have capability to apply person specific skills in providing person centred care. Prior to initiation of the intervention, staff members will be written information about the eligibility criteria, aims and objectives of the intervention and purpose of the study. Staff members need to work on permanent basis on the organisation (Schepers et al.,2012). Staff members will be properly familiarised with residence of the patient. It will be helpful for staff member to identify environmental impacts. Hence, staff member can implement alternative approach in individual care (Smith et al., 2012). Opportunity will be given the staff members to take leadership role in implementation of the person centred care. Staff members with the leadership qualities will be given opportunity to train remaining staff members. In the past, studies were conducted with the enriched opportunities program to produce leaders from the study. It is evident from such studies that these leaders focused on the history, preferences and requirements of the dementia patients along with providing training and education. Efforts of the leaders should be visible verbally and leaders should observe activities of staff members and give them feedback. Feedback to other staff members proved beneficial in providing individualised care. Leaders should implement root cause approach to identify underlying causes of problems. Collaborative decision making has significant impact of the cultural change. Leaders can promote collaborative decision making. Cultural change can improve the individualized care to the dementi a patients. Leaders should conduct educational and in-service seminars for all the nursing and allied service staff members. In-service seminars proved beneficial in incorporating person centred care in the actual practice. Leaders should motivate staff members and should make sure that staff members are keeping patients satisfactory and fulfilling their needs which are very important for person centred care (Rokstad et al., 2015; Bender et al., 2017). It is well established that interprofessional collaborative practice proved beneficial in augmenting outcome of the person centred care in dementia patients. Collaborative efforts of different professionals proved helpful in broadening their specific professional activities. It proved helpful in the improving focus of diverse professionals to the person centred care and patients psychological needs. This shift in the healthcare model can lead to comprehensive and holistic care and positive impact on the quality of healthcare service. This collaborative model will be implemented in the intervention. Dementia is complex disease; hence it should be managed in different aspects like health promotion, prevention of adverse events, cure and rehabilitation (Chenoweth et al., 2009). In implementation of these strategies collaborative work of medical professional, social worker and family member is necessary. Pathological, psychological and physiological aspects of the dementia management req uire specialised medical professional. However, sustained management and retention in the treatment can be improved by support from the social worker, community members, family and friends. Expertise from varied fields like recreational therapy, psychology, geriatric psychiatry, gerontology, and social work will incorporated in the person centred care. This intervention will be carried out for six months. During duration of six months regular assessment with the interval of 15 days will be carried out. Based on the outcome of each 15 days, intervention protocol will be modified. In the first three months, main focus will be given to the primary outcomes and in later three months both primary and secondary outcomes will be measured because secondary outcomes will be evident only after positive primary outcomes. Health economic evaluation will be performed to assess the cost-utility analysis over the period of six-months. Cost-utility analysis will be performed for both intervention participants and control participants. Total cost incorporated will comprise of cost incurred for training of staff, travel cost, telephone cost and time spent by the staff in intervention. This intervention design, size of participants and statistical power will give conclusive outcomes of person centred care. Follow up will be performed for a period of 10 months after the completion of the intervention. This is important because few of the practices of the patient centred care requires longer period for its implementation. Ethical approval will be taken for the organisational research committee. Proposal for the conduct of the intervention will be presented to the ethics committee and suggestions made by the committee will be incorporated in the proposal. Approval letter from the ethical committee will be documented and stored. Data collected during the intervention will be kept confidential. Dignity, respect and safeguard of the participants will be maintained throughout the duration of the intervention. Patient centred care in dementia intervention will comprise of chief investigator and co-investigators. These people will have responsibility of management and promotion of the intervention and analysis and interpretation of the outcomes. Data monitoring and ethics committee will be responsible for the safety and ethics of the trial. Intervention Steering Committee will be responsible for the supervision of the intervention which comprises of intervention progress, adherence to protocol and modification of protocol according to the new information. Sponsors will be responsible for ensuring responsibility and accountability of intervention and methodologies of the intervention. Demographic and socio-economic data will be collected by providing written form to the patients and family members. Psychological and behavioural data will be collected by providing questionnaires to the patients. Psychological and behavioural traits like capability of activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms will be considered. The Katz ADL-index, Gottfries cognitive scale and Neuropsychiatric Inventory will be used for the measurement of activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms respectively (Edvardsson et al., 2012). Dementia is a multifaced condition, hence different person may have different opinion about the disease condition and intervention. Henceforward, group interviews along with the individual interviews will be conducted for the patients. In each group interview 4 6 participants will be included. This group interview will stimulate broad discussion and exchange of feelings and experiences. Group interviews will be followed by individual interviews. Psychological and behavioural comparison of patients in group interviews and individual interviews will be made. It will be useful in assessing effect of socialisation on psychological and behavioural aspects of the patient. Notes during interviews and audio-video recordings will be maintained for data documentation, analysis and interpretation (Clark et al., 2008). A semi-structured interview framework will be prepared for family members and professionals caregivers. Open-ended questions will be included in this framework so that answers will be given more freely. Examples of questions will be 1) what is there feeling about relationship with dementia patient, 2) whether they contributed to the care and how, 3) whether they collaborated with other professional caregivers. Interviews will be audio-recorded for the future references. Important points will be noted down during conversation between dementia patient and professional caregiver (Clark et al., 2008). There should be effective coordination among staff caregivers, family caregivers and patients to collect the data. All the time, it would be difficult for the staff members to remain present physically with the patients. Patients will be staying at their residence. In such cases, staff members will interact with patient and family members over the phone. Staff members will also communicate through videoconferencing. Family caregivers should play significant role in communication with staff caregivers and other stakeholders of the intervention (Hasson and Arnetz, 2008). Assessment of behavioural signs and symptoms in the dementia in the patients will be difficult because of alterations in symptoms due to multiple factors. Hence, healthcare caregivers will assess and reassess the patients to get the robust data. In case of quantitative data, average data will be considered for analysis (Ballard and Corbett, 2010). After the collection of the data, intervention will follow three steps like observation, feedback and action plan. Caregiver staff member will observe promptly behavioural and psychological aspects of the patient, interpret exact condition of the patient and prepare action plan for providing patient centred dementia care to the patients. Qualitative methods will be applied for assessing feasibility of the process and identifying facilitators and barriers of the process. Quantitative methods will be used for assessing efficacy and efficiency of the intervention. It is evident that high quality evidence is not available for specific intervention in person centred care in the dementia patients. Hence, existing studies will be reviewed and limitations observed in these studies will be considered in the current intervention. To get the robust results, improvements will be incorporated in this intervention. From the studies in the literature is evident that follow up was not done. Follow up is important aspect in the person centred care for dementia patients. Follow up will be beneficial in the determining durability and outcomes of the intervention. Hence, follow up will be incorporated in this intervention. Planning for advanced care intervention was not evident in the studies from the literature. In case, certain patient is not responding to patient centred care, there should be intention to refer this patient for advanced care intervention (Edvardsson et al., 2008). In nursing intervention, leaving a patient without total efforts of management is an ethical issue. Hence, in this study prearrangement will be made to implement advanced care intervention. Incorporation of cultural aspects in the person centred care can improve efficiency of intervention. However, in most of the studies, cultural aspects were not incorporated. Cultural values of the participants should be respected. Dignity and humanity of patients should be preserved by using appropriate labels and terminologies. In this intervention, all these cultural aspects will be considered in the implementation of the patient centred care for dementia patients. In few studies, more than one parameter was used to evaluate outcome. In such cases, it would be difficult to select one parameter over the other to make conclusion. Hence, to avoid this confusion one parameter will be used for analysis of specific outcome. It has been established that, non-pharmacological interventions like environme ntal and cultural factors can affect outcome of the study significantly (Cohen-Mans?eld et al., 2012). However, in most of the studies special attention was not given to these factors. In this study, individual patients environmental and cultural factors will be considered while providing patient centred care (Chenoweth et al., 2014). Data is not available for the extent and qualifications of staff engagement in the implementation of person centred care. This data would be beneficial in recruitment of specific staff in the intervention. In the current intervention, extent of staff engagement in the person centred care will measured and documented. Also, qualifications of each staff members will be documented. This will be useful in identifying suitability of each staff member in person centred care. This data will be corelated with the outcome of the intervention. In case, discrepancy in outcome of same type of population, data for the engagement of staff will be useful in the analysis of the outcome. Guidelines and standardised protocols will be maintained for the activities performed by the staff members. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches can have different outcome. In previous studies, these two interventions were not studied separately (van de Ven et al., 2013). In this intervention, individua l outcome of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches will be evaluated in addition to the combined outcome of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. This segregated outcome of different approaches is important because activity based person centred care proved more beneficial in the patients with less age. Different behavioural aspects of the dementia cant be manged with same type of exposure to the person centred care. Attention was not given to this point in the previously conducted studies. Agitation can be effectively managed by exposing the patients with short term interventions with more frequency. Emotions, depression, and quality of living can be effectively managed by long term interventions (Cohen-Mansfield, 2008). In this intervention, separate interventions will be planned for the different behavioural symptoms. Different types of interventions will be planed for patients with early stage and late stage diagnosis of dementia. Effect of person centred care on family caregivers was not evaluated in the previous studies. This aspect need to be considered to produce sustained outcome of the person centred care. In this intervention, effect of person centred care on the capability of family caregivers will be studied (Rosemond et al., 2012). Outcomes will be measured to assess effectiveness of the person centred care in dementia patients. Outcomes in this intervention will be categorised in the primary outcome and secondary outcome. These outcomes will be aligned with aims and objectives of the intervention. Primary outcome will measure frequency and severity of the psychological and behavioural symptoms. These symptoms will be measured using Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Cohen-Mans?eld Agitation Inventory will be used to measure agitation scale (Rokstad et al., 2013). Cornell Scale of Depression in Dementia will be used to measure mood scale. Validated dementia quality of life instruments will be used to measure quality of life. Data collection will be performed by the independent researcher and it will blinded. It will address problem of probable bias. Secondary outcome measures will comprise of capabilities of daily living, use of physical, chemical and mechanical restraint. Chemical restraint comprises of antipsychotic s, antihistamines and sedatives. Delirium, falls and pressure ulcers will also be measured in secondary outcomes (Smith et al., 2007). References: Ballard, C., and Corbett, A. (2010). Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. CNS Drugs, 24(9), 72939. Bender, D., Grace Lui, K. Y., and Holyoke, P. (2017). Five opportunities for healthcare leaders to better support person- and family-centred care in long-term care settings. Healthcare Management Forum, 30(1), 20-25. Bramble, M., Moyle, W., and McAllister, M. (2009). Seeking connection: family care experiences following long-term dementia care placement. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(22), 311825. Chenoweth, L., King, M.T., Jeon, Y.H., Brodaty, H., Stein-Parbury, J., Haas, M., et al. (2009). Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study (CADRES) of person-centred dementia care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Neurology, 8, 31725. Chenoweth, L., Forbes, I., Fleming, R., King, M.T., Stein-Parbury, J., et al. (2014). PerCEN: a cluster randomized controlled trial of person-centered residential care and environment for people with dementia. International Psychogeriatric, 26(07), 114760. Chrzescijanski, C., and Moyle, W., and Creedy, D. (2007). Reducing dementia-related aggression through a staff education intervention. Dementia, 6(2), 27186. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2008). Agitated behavior in persons with dementia: the relationship between type of behavior, its frequency, and its disruptiveness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 649. Cohen-Mans?eld, J., Thein, K., Marx, M.S., Dakheel-Ali, M., and Freedman, L. (2012). Ef?cacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 125561. Clark, P.A., Tucke, S.S., and Whitlatch, C.J. (2008). Consistency of information from persons with dementia: an analysis of differences by question type. Dementia, 7, 34158. Edvardsson, D., Winblad, B., and Sandman P. (2008). Person-centred care of people with severe Alzheimers disease: current status and ways forward. Lancet Neurology, 7(4), 3627. Edvardsson, D., Fetherstonhaugh, D., Nay, R., and Gibson, S. (2010). Development and initial testing of the Person-centered Care Assessment Tool (P-CAT). International Psychogeriatric, 22(1), 1018. Hasson, H., and Arnetz, J.E. (2008). Nursing staff competence, work strain, stress and satisfaction in elderly care: a comparison of home-based care and nursing homes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(4), 46881. Hunter, P.V., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Thorpe, L., Lix, L.M., and Malloy, D.C. (2016). The influence of individual and organizational factors on person-centred dementia care. Aging Mental Health, 20(7), 700-8. Kuske, B., Hanns, S., Luck, T., Angermeyer, M.C., Behrens, J., Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2007). Nursing home staff training in dementia care: a systematic review of evaluated programmes. International Psychogeriatric, 19(5), 81841. Miller, S.C., Miller, E.A., Jung, H-Y., Sterns, S., Clark, M., Mor, V. (2010). Nursing home organizational change: The culture change movement as viewed by long-term care specialists. Medical Care Research and Review, 67(4), 65S81S. Rokstad, A.M., Rsvik, J., Kirkevold, ., Selbk, G., Saltyte Benth, J., and Engedal, K. (2013). The effect of person-centred dementia care to prevent agitation and other neuropsychiatric symptoms and enhance quality of life in nursing home patients: a 10-month randomized controlled trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 36, 34053. Rokstad, A.M., Vatne, S., Engedal, K., and Selbk, G. (2015). The role of leadership in the implementation of person-centred care using Dementia Care Mapping: a study in three nursing homes. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(1), 15-26. Rsvik, J., Brooker, D., Mjorud, M., and Kirkevold, . (2013). What is person-centred care in dementia? Clinical reviews into practice: the development of the VIPS practice model. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 23(2), 15563. Rosemond, C.A., Hanson, L.C., Ennett, S.T., Schenck, A.P., and Weiner, B.J. (2012). Implementing person-centered care in nursing homes. Health Care Management Review, 37(3), 25766. Schepers, A.K., Orrell, M., Shanahan, N., and Spector, A. (2012). Sense of competence in Dementia Care Staff (SCIDS) scale: development, reliability and validity. International Psychogeriatric, 24(7), 115362. Smebye, K. L., Kirkevold, M., and Engedal, K. (2016). Ethical dilemmas concerning autonomy when persons with dementia wish to live at home: a qualitative, hermeneutic study. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 21. Smith, S.C., Lamping, D.L., Banerjee, S., Harwood, R.H., Foley, B., Smith, P., et al. (2007). Development of a new measure of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: DEMQOL. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 73746. Smith, R., Fleming, R., Chenoweth, L., Jeon, Y.H., Stein-Parbury, J., and Brodaty, H. (2012). Validation of the Environmental Audit Tool in both purpose-built and non-purpose-built dementia care settings. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 31(3), 15963. Testad, I., Auer, S., Mittelman, M., Ballard, C., Fossey, J., Donabauer, Y., et al. (2010). Nursing home structure and association with agitation and use of psychotropic drugs in nursing home residents in three countries: Norway, Austria and England. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 72531. van de Ven, G., Drasovic, I., Adang, E.M.M., Donders, R., Zuidema, S., Koopmans, R.T.C.M., et al. Effects of Dementia-Care Mapping on residents and staff of care homes: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. PLoS One, 8(7), e67325. Visser, S.M., McCabe, M.P., Hudgson, C., Buchanan, G., Davison, T.E., and George, K. (2008). Managing behavioural symptoms of dementia: effectiveness of staff education and peer support. Aging Mental Health, 12(1), 4755. Zuidema, S., Buursema, A.L., Gerritsen, M.G.J.M., Oosterwal, K.C, Smits, M.M.M., Koopmans, R.T.C.M., et al. (2011). Assessing neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home patients with dementia: reliability and Reliable Change Index of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. 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People all over the world, of all body styles, siz Essay Example For Students

People all over the world, of all body styles, siz Essay es, races and backgrounds occupy their time and gain physical fitness through games and activities referred to as sports. From professional leagues around the world, school sports, and neighborhood games, fun and strategy come together to form a worldwide phenomenon that has come to be loved. Whether your watching them or participating in them, sports have touched a part of everyones lives. Since the development of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, the development of its sports has progressed with the country. Over four hundred million Chinese people take part in physical activities regularly. Not only the group sports, but the competitive sports too. Since 1949, five hundred and sixty sports facilities of all kinds have been constructed to satiate the needs of the growing sports industry in China. Over four hundred existing associations exist today in China for individual events. Fifty-six of these associations have been put in the hands of management individuals. The others are owned by the nation itself. Also, fourteen administrative headquarters for the sports have been built to house the Chinese sports (Chinese Olympic Committee). Rong Guotuan was the first Chinese man in history to win a gold medal in the mens singles table tennis event in the 1959 Olympics. He was also the only man in Chinese history to be a world champion. Since Rong Guotuan, the Chinese have won nine hundred and fifty-six world titles and set over eight hundred world records. Some of the more preferred sports in Communist China consist of table tennis, basketball, soccer, and golf (Chinese Olympic Committee). Also the people of China Participate in the traditional sports. These sports include Wushu and Qigong. Both of these sports combine mental and physical power to complete a task. They both also work in promoting ones physical fitness. Not only traditional oriental sports increase fitness, many modern sports do also. One such sport is practiced in Brazil as well as all over the world. The preeminent sport exercised and cherished by the Brazilian population is the sport of soccer or Futbol. The people of Brazil are devout soccer fans. It is a national pastime. Soccer is more than a game, and it is often forgotten what the goal of the game is. The spectators become so enraptured by the game that they sometimes can become riotous and people have even been injured, while only watching the game. It is thought to have been brought to South America but the Dutch in the nineteenth century, but this is one of a few theories (Dani.Danial). The heroes of this sport are called craques in Brazil, or in Spain and England cracks. The word craque refers to the best of the best. In America, we merely refer to them as superstars (Pavan). Other sports found to be practiced by the Brazilians are Surfing and Deep Sea Diving. Brazil has over one thousand kilometers of clear unadulterated beaches along its shore. This makes the conditions perfect for the sport of surfing to be prominent. The Bahia coast is the most pleasing to even the most demanding surfers. The water along this coast is home to many spectacular creatures, such as humpback whales and sea turtles (Pavan). These creatures arent alone. Also in the waters along the Brazilian coast are millions of tropical fish that make this area exemplary for divers. This is also a sport practiced in Brazil. There are many clubs throughout the country that support divers and even fund some expeditions. Many of these clubs even offer safety courses in the sport of diving. They also keep them updated in environmental awareness to keep the waters clean and healthy (Pavan). Also having a large quantity of coastal area is England, which is known for its gentleman sports such as cricket and polo, not diving and futbol. It is also known for the brutal game of rugby which is like American football, but without all of the padding and protective equipment. Cricket is said to have originated as a major sport in England as early as the seventeen hundreds. It is also said to have been played back as far as thirteen hundred. In 1744, the first set